7, 9, 10 The rapid growth in the use of XPS is due to the importance of surfaces, very thin films, and interfaces in many areas of science and technology, the ease of operation of XPS instruments, the perceived simplicity of data interpretation, the ability to analyze a wide variety of samples and the provision of desired information. 5 XPS has become essential for many types of research, expanding from chemistry and materials science into many other areas including those associated with environmental, 6, 7 atmospheric, 8 and biological systems. Over the past three decades, the use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has grown and it is now the most commonly applied method of surface analysis. 1– 4 The nature and causes of poor reproducibility appear to have many sources, but among them is the availability of a growing suite of automated or semi-automated experimental and computational tools in many research projects. 1 Although such problems are generally thought to exist mainly in clinical or psychological studies, there is evidence that there are significant issues related to reproducibility and replication in most areas of science including those of importance to the American Vacuum Society (AVS). More than half of the scientists responding to a survey that was published in 2016 indicated that there was a “significant reproducibility crisis” in science and another 38 % indicated that there was a slight reproducibility crisis.

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